Lemon Lane Final Report
June, 2001
1.0 Introduction | 2.0 Site Description and History | 3.0 Remediation Planning | 4.0 Changes to Original Work Plan | 5.0 Sampling Activities | 6.0 Preparation of Iterim Cap Surface | 7.0 Intallation of the Geosynthetic Clay Barrier | 8.0 Placement of Geomembrane and Geonet | 9.0 Placement of Vegetative Support Zone | 10.0 Site Surface Water Controls | 11.0 Site Restoration | 12.0 Data Validation | Photos
1.0 INTRODUCTION
This document constitutes the final report for the completion of the remedial action
and the construction of the RCRA Subtitle C cap at the Lemon Lane Landfill (LL)
Site. The LL Landfill Site is located in Bloomington, Montoe County, Indiana as
shown in Figure 1. Viacom Inc. (formerly known as CBS and before that as
Westinghouse Electric Corporation) prepared this report. The work described in this
report was performed from April 2000 to December 2000.
The activities at LL Landfill covered in this report consisted of two parts. The plan
for the first part is described in the Remedial Design/Remedial Action Work Plan
(WP) issued on May 17, 2000. The WP covers excavation, removal and
consolidation of waste and gives a general description of the cap design. The
second part is the installation of a RCRA Subtitle C cap over the consolidated waste
as defined by the Final Cap Design Report issued on October 18, 2000. Both of
these documents were based on the Statement of Work (SOW) issued in May of
2000. The Work Plan and the Design Report were reviewed and approved by the
government parties.
This final report includes a descriptive narrative of all the work performed. The first
five sections of this report describe the activities associated with the excavation,
removal and consolidation of material during the remediation portion of the project.
Sections 6.0 to 11.0 address the installation of the RCRA Subtitle C cap.
This report identifies all approved field changes that were made to the approved
work plans. All field changes from the original WP were reviewed and discussed
with the government parties at regularly scheduled status meetings held during site
activities. The results of the discussions were recorded in the subsequent meeting
notes. Copies of all meeting notes were distributed to representatives of each
government party following the meetings.
Tables, figures and photographs (Appendix F) have been included to supplement
the narrative and provide a summary of what occurred. Additional detailed records
associated with this project, including air monitoring results, weekly progress reports,
certificates of analysis, chain of custody forms, cap certification documentation, etc.,
are available for review at the Viacom offices in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
2.1 Site Location
LL Landfill is located on the northwest side of the city of Bloomington in Monroe
County, Indiana, in the northeast quarter of Section 31, Township 9 North, Range 1
West. The landfill location is shown on the General Site Location Map in Figure 1.
The original landfill area covered approximately 10 acres. Lemon Lane road and a
residential area along Lemon Lane bounds the east side of the landfill. The CSX
Railroad tracks border the southern edge of LL Landfill. Directly south of the railroad
tracks is Valhalla Cemetery. The Edward Pelfree property (now owned by Jerry
Pelfree) is directly north of the site and includes several vacant buildings and a
residence. The northern part of the landfill occupies a portion of the Pelfree
property. Bordering the northeast corner of the site outside the fence is the Sexton
property. On the east side of Lemon Lane Road are the Bender and Elliott
properties. Viacom owns the undeveloped land to the west of the landfill. The
Indiana State Route 37 by-pass is approximately 900 feet northwest of the landfill
entrance. A site layout of the landfill is shown in Figure 2. It should be noted that
the owners of the property as identified in this report are those that owned the
property at the time of the remediation.
The Griffin property borders the southern portion of the east fence line of LL Landfill.
This property was remediated during the LL remediation under an Administrative
Order on Consent dated December 3, 1999. A separate report issued by Viacom on
December 29, 2000 describes the Griffin property remediation.
2.2 Site Geology
The site is located along the eastern margin of the Mitchell Plain region, a low plateau
developed on limestones of the Mississippian Blue River and Sanders Group. The
Mitchell Plain surface is characterized by relatively flat topography with moderate
slopes and by karst geology.
The landfill is underlain by Mississippian age bedrock units. The St. Louis Limestone
of the Blue River Group underlies the overburden layer, and beneath this unit lies the
Salem Limestone of the Sanders Group. The St. Louis Limestone has undergone
weathering and solution channeling to create a karst terrain in and around the LL site.
Topographic features identified in the vicinity of LL Landfill include sinkholes, caves,
three surface streams (Clear Creek, Stout's Creek and Griffy Creek) and associated
tributaries, perennial and intermittent springs, and at least one sinking stream. A
sinkhole pond, Sargent's Pond, is located northwest of the site. Sargent's Pond serves
as the natural surface water drain for a majority of the site and the surrounding area.
Springs identified in the area include Illinois Central Spring (ICS), Quarry, ICG-1, ICG-
2, ICG-3, Packinghouse (PH) Road, PH Culvert, and Slaughterhouse. Quarry Spring
consist of Quarry A, B and C emergence points. Analytical data obtained from samples
taken at Quarry Spring represents the combined flow of Quarry A, B and C.
The LL Landfill is situated in a broad shallow surface depression interpreted to be
associated with a compound sinkhole. The compound sinkhole runs northeast to
southwest and extends to the southwest of the LL site beyond the CSX Railroad.
The site is located near topographic divides between the headwaters of Clear Creek
to the southeast, Stout's Creek to the northwest, and Griffy Creek to the northeast.
The topography across most of the landfill site prior to remediation was moderately
sloped to the west. The surface of the landfill prior to remediation ranged in
elevation from 860 to 887 feet above mean sea level. Prior to remediation the
overburden above the bedrock consisted of fill material and native soils that ranges in
thickness from about 10.5 to 43 feet. The fill consisted of primarily ash from burning of
municipal and industrial waste and construction debris. Beneath the fill, the soil
consists of indigenous red clay.
Recharge to the groundwater flow system below the landfill is believed to occur
primarily through sinkholes and swallow holes typical of karst terrain. Groundwater
is believed to flow primarily through solution-enlarged fractures and joints to the
southeast and eventually drain at a series of springs.
Site History
The LL Landfill began operation as a refuse dump in 1933. The City of Bloomington
operated the landfill from 1950 to 1964 as a municipal waste landfill. It was also used
as a repository for industrial debris and waste. Electrical capacitors from
Westinghouse's Bloomington manufacturing plant were deposited in LL Landfill from
1958 to 1964 by contracted local waste haulers.
Landfill operations were typical of the period with the absence of controls and design
features common to modern facilities. No liner or cover was used. Dumping was not
controlled with regard to waste content or record keeping. Scavenging and burning
were common daily practices. Local residents routinely scavenged capacitors on or
from the site. Items such as capacitors would typically be placed at the edge of the
landfill where scavenging operations would occur.
2.4 Previous Investigations
Various investigations to characterize LL Landfill have been performed since the
early 1980s. Initial site investigations began in 1981. At that time investigations at
the site were performed to obtain preliminary estimates of the degree and extent of
contamination. The preliminary investigations included site and vicinity
reconnaissance activities and the collection of soil and water samples from the
landfill, wells, ponds and streams. Additional investigative activities conducted
include: geophysical surveys, aerial photograph analyses, monitoring well
installations, Groundwater monitoring, Groundwater sampling and analyses
(including springs), surface water sampling and analyses, stream sediment sampling
and analyses, air sampling, soil borings, hydraulic conductivity testing, and high and
low flow dye tracer tests.
The early investigations culminated in a series of interim remedial measures (IRMs)
in 1987 as described in Section 2.5. Because surface capacitors were removed and
a synthetic membrane installed as part of the IRMs, the pre-lRM investigation results
of surface soil, Groundwater, surface water, sediments, and air monitoring are not
necessarily representative of the site conditions prior to remediation.
2.4.1 Soil
The Indiana State Department of Health and the City of Bloomington collected soil
samples from the site in June 1981. Surface samples were taken near capacitors on
the south and west landfill boundary. The samples contained PCBs ranging from
1,700 to 330,000 ppm (mg/kg). In June and July 1981, onsite soil samples were
collected by USEPA at the site and were analyzed for PCBs, VOCs, SVOCs, and
pesticides. Soil samples were collected from nine locations from the surface down
to a five-foot depth. PCBs were detected at all nine locations within a range of 0.1 to
57,000 ppm. No other chemicals were reported at detectable levels.
In March 1984, soil samples were collected from three borings (B-1, B-2 and B-3) in
the fill material of the LL Landfill. A total of eight composite samples collected from
three borings at depths ranging from 4 to 32 feet were analyzed for total PCBs.
PCBs were detected in four of the eight samples to a maximum concentration of 22
ppm.
In October and November 1984, eight surficial soil samples and six subsurface soil
samples were collected for isomer-specific PCDD/PCDF analyses. Subsurface soil
samples were collected in the fill material within the LL Landfill boundary, and surficial
soil samples were located both within the hil material and to the north and east of the
landfill. One or more PCDD/PCDF isomers were detected in 12 of the 14 samples.
The maximum detected total PCDD concentration was 4.5 ppb (pg/kg) from a surficial
soil sample located east of the landfill.
2.4.1.1 Soil Gas Sampling
Westinghouse conducted onsite soil gas sampling at the site in April 1987. The
purpose of the sampling was to detect and characterize VOC vapors in the soil pore
space at the site. A 75-foot grid pattern was established over the site. At each node, a
boring was made to five feet and the soil gas was sampled with a photo-ionization
detector (PID). Twenty-three gas samples were withdrawn for laboratory analysis from
the 15 locations with the elevated PID readings. VOCs were not detected in any
sample.
2.4.1.2 1996 M W -7 Sump Area Investigation
Westinghouse performed a sump area study in 1996 around MOO-7 on the southwest
side of the landfill cap. The purpose of the study was to determine the effects on
PCB Groundwater transport from rainwater which ponded at the edge of the landfill
cap. This rainwater possibly infiltrated into the fill under the cap and carried PCBs to
ICS.
This study included delineation of shallow soil contamination over a small area
around monitoring well MOO-7. Soil samples were collected from O to 12 inches at
four locations and from O to 24 and 24 to 48 inches at one location. The maximum
PCB concentration detected was 6.36 ppm.
2.4.1.3 1996 Soil Borings
Between November 12 and December 10, 1996, Westinghouse collected 209 soil
samples in two foot intervals from 25 soil borings within the LL Landfill. Borings
were installed in known hot-spot areas, in two existing sinkhole areas, and at
electromagnetic anomaly areas identified during a 1995 geophysics study by the
USEPA. Earth Tech performed seven additional borings at this time. Because of a
problem at the analytical lab, Tetra Tech repeated the Earth Tech sampling in
January of 2000. All the soil boring locations are shown on Figure 3 of the Lemon
Lane Work Plan (LL WP). PCB content varied from non-detect to 200,000 ppm.
The PCB content for each sample is listed in Table 1 of the LL WP.
Waste characterization results (TCLP) are listed Table 2 of the LL WP. Low levels
of barium and cadmium were detected. VOCs, SVOCs, pesticides and herbicides
were all non-detect. Reactivity and ignitability were negative and pH varied from 7.
to 7.5.
The data obtained from the 1996 borings was used to develop a set of hot spot
excavation contours. These contours were in the SOW and are shown on Figure 5
of the LL WP.
2.4.2 Groundwater
A number of monitoring wells were installed on the immediate perimeter of the landfill
during initial investigations up to 1984. Post IRM investigation of these wells included
sampling for total PCBs once in November 1991 and three times in 1992. Figure 2 of
the WP shows the location of the monitoring wells. PCBs were detected in five
monitoring wells (MW4S, MW-5S, MOO-6, MOO-7, and EPA-B1) during each of the four
sampling rounds. In addition, well MOO-9 had detectable PCB concentrations on three
occasions, well MW-8D had detectable PCB concentrations on two occasions, and well
MW4D had detectable PCB concentrations on one occasion. PCBs were not
detected in the ten remaining monitoring wells. The maximum detected total PCB
concentration for Groundwater was 99.65 ppb (ug/L) in the November 1991 sampling of
well MW-5S. Total PCB concentrations for this well decreased in subsequent sampling
to approximately 1 ppb in August 1992, indicating that the initial results may have been
associated with accumulated sediment in the bottom of the well, rather than an actual
concentration in Groundwater.
Westinghouse performed additional monitoring well sampling as part of the Field
Sampling Plan for the Lemon Lane Groundwater Monitoring Investigation
(Westinghouse 1995). This investigation included one year of monthly sampling at five
wells on the periphery of the site. These samples show that Groundwater PCB level on
the immediate periphery of the site ranged from less than 0.1 ppb, up to 1.4 ppb.
In addition to PCB concentrations, these wells are also continuously monitored for
water level. Data collected shows that the highest Groundwater elevation ever
recorded at LL Landfill is 842 feet AMSL (above mean sea level). This level
corresponds to an elevation just above the upper surface of the bedrock at the site in
the overlying natural soils but below the general fill depths. While these wells are not in
the fill areas, it is believed that the well showing the highest Groundwater levels (MW-7)
is well connected to the conduit system draining the site and thus a good indicator of
maximum water level potential in the site.
2.4.3 Springs and Surface Water
Surface water samples were collected at springs and swallow holes associated with
the LL Landfill three times in 1991 and four times in 1992 for total PCB analyses.
Surface water samples were collected once in November 1991 for analyses of Aroclor-
specific PCB concentrations. PCBs were detected on at least one occasion above the
detection limit of 0.1 ppb (0.5 ppb for Aroclor 1221) at five of the 31 sampling locations.
The maximum detected total PCB concentration was 36 ppb in a sample collected in
September 1992, from the lilinois Central Spring, located 2500 feet southeast of
landfill.
Aroclor-specific PCB surface water sampling detected PCBs at 14 of 26 locations
sampled in November 1991. PCB concentrations were predominantly identified as
Aroclor 1248, with a maximum concentration of 10.0 ppb from a sample collected
150 feet upstream of the swallow hole. Water surfaces at Illinois Central then
proceeds on the surface for several hundred feet to the swallow hole where the water
then begins to again flow below the surface. Aroclor 1254 was also reported in several
samples, with a maximum concentration of 3.2 ppb in a sample collected from Quarry
Spring.
Surface water samples for LL Landfill were collected three times in 1991 for analyses of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). In June surface water samples were collected
from nine locations. Low levels of VOCs were detected at four locations In August, surface water samples were collected by the USEPA from seven locations for VOC analyses. Low levels of VOCs were reported in four of the samples, with a reported
maximum concentration of 21 ppb for trichloroethane from Detmer Spring South. In November, surface water samples were collected by the USEPA from four locations for VOC analyses. The only compound detected was the presence of methylene chloride reported in each sample. This compound was not considered to be related to LL Landfill.
Surface water samples for LL Landfill were collected on two occasions in 1991 for analyses of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs). Nine locations were sampled in June, with low levels of SVOCs reported in a sample from Detmer Spring South.
Surface water samples were also collected in November 1991 from four locations for SVOC analysis. SVOCs were not detected in any of the samples.
In November 1991 surface water samples that were collected from four locations were also analyzed for pesticide residues and inorganics. Pesticides were not detected in any of the samples. Ten inorganic constituents were reported. Cadmium and lead
were below the maximum contamination level for drinking water. The other elements were detected at relatively low levels and are not limited for drinking water.
A Groundwater investigation at LL Landfill was completed in September of 1996.
The major findings from the investigation include:
There were no PCBs found in any of the nearby residential wells. All wells within
a 5,000 foot radius of the site boundary were sampled. The wells were sampled
once a quarter for a year.
PCBs were consistently found in the Illinois Central Spring system. Dye tracer
tests conducted in 1987, 1989, and 1990 showed this spring system to be the
main discharge point for waters potentially affected by the site. PCBs were
present in all non-storm samples ranging in concentration from 4.7 to 31 ppb,
with higher concentrations at the lowest flows. During storms, PCB
concentrations would rise for several hours then subside to pre-storm levels.
The Quarry Springs also consistently have PCBs. This spring system is the
continuation of the Illinois Central waters.
Nine springs on the periphery of the drainage basin had no detectable PCBs.
Slaughterhouse and two other related springs that were shown to have a
potential connection to the site proved to have no or only intermittent minor
amounts of PCBs.
Up to 1995, the USEPA and the State of Indiana performed sampling of ICS for
other contaminants during both low and high flow events. The only other
contaminant detected was trichloroethylene.
Investigation of ground water and surface water continues to evaluate the PCB
transport path out of the landfill.
2.4.4 Sediments
Sediment samples from the springs associated with LL Landfill were collected on three
occasions in 1991 for PCB analyses. Twelve sediment samples and one duplicate
sample were collected by IDEM for PCB analysis in August 1991. PCBs were
detected at nine locations, with a maximum concentration of 22 mg/kg in a sample
from Illinois Central Spring. In October 1991, sediment samples from seven locations
were analyzed for PCBs. PCBs were detected in Eve of the samples, with a maximum
concentration of 4.1 mg/kg reported from lilinois Central Spring. In November 1991, 26
sediment samples and two duplicate samples were collected and analyzed for PCBs.
PCBs were detected in 18 of the samples, with a maximum concentration of 58 mg/kg
reported from Illinois Central Spring.
2.4.5 Air
Ambient air sampling for PCBs was performed by the USEPA on July 27,1989 after
the completion of the IRMs at the LL Landfill. A high-volume sampler was used and
was located on the southeast side of LL Landfill. Samples were collected from above
the landfill cover. This sampling was conducted during a day that experienced high
ambient temperatures to show "worse-case" concentrations. The results of the air
sampling indicated that the ambient concentration of PCBs (Aroclor 1242) was 38
ng/m .
2.4.6 Electromagnetic Survey
In June of 1995, the USEPA conducted an Electromagnetic (EM) survey at the site.
The purpose of the survey was to find major EM anomalies at the site. EM surveys
can show major pockets of metallic objects from the surface to a maximum depth of
about 15 feet. These anomalies could represent major concentrations of capacitors.
The EPA concluded that most of the anomalies found in June 1995 are near the
surface.
2.5 Interim Remedial Measures
Interim remedial measures were implemented at LL Landfill in two phases. The first
phase starting in June 1983. At that time an 8-foot high fence was installed around the
entire perimeter of the site. The fence included barbed wire placed along the top and
locked gates at the entrance roads. Viacom maintained the fencing. The EPA also
installed a fence around the nearby Illinois Central Spring (ICS) and posted warning
signs in that area. ICS has been shown to be the outfall spring for subsurface water
associated with LL Landfill. Over time, the fence around the ICS area deteriorated. In
August 1995 Viacom sampled sediment at the ICS. Based on the analytical results, a
new fence was installed that year.
The second phase of the IRMs began in May 1987, following approval of the Lemon
Lane Grading Plan. During Phase II, interim removal and remedial measures were
implemented. The site was first cleared of all trees and vegetation. A total of 403
exposed capacitors were removed and transported to the Interim Storage Facility at
the Winston Thomas Site, in Bloomington. The capacitors were ultimately disposed of
at a commercial incinerator in 1990.
The eroded south slope grade was stabilized with fill material and the entire site was
covered with TYPAR geotextile. Approximately 30,000 tons of clean fill was placed
on the geotextile followed by a 36-mil Hypalon geomembrane cover. The synthetic
membrane was installed to minimize rainwater infiltration into the landfill, prevent the
erosion of soils from the site, and minimize any potential air emissions. Silt control
fences were installed to minimize the erosion of site materials beyond the
boundaries of the landfill during the preparation and capping of the site.
Most of the rainwater on the northern part of the liner flows to Sargent's Pond. Rain
water on the south and southwest part of the liner collects at the southwest corner
around MOO-7. This area was lined in 1996 to prevent infiltration of the water under
the landfill cover. The water collected at MOO-7 was pumped to the northern section
of the cover so that the water drained to Sargent's Pond.
Gas collection and filter systems were installed as part of Phase II to allow
decomposition gases generated by the refuse to escape through the installed liner.
Given that a majority of the fill was ash and construction debris there was no gas
detected at the vents.
Phase II was completed in September 1987. The remedial measures were
implemented to remove any immediate threat to public health and the environment.
They were designed and implemented with oversight and approval from the Consent
Decree Parties - the United States EPA, the State of Indiana (IDEM), the City of
Bloomington (Utilities Service Board), and Monroe County (County Health Board).
Maintenance of the site by Westinghouse started in 1985 and has continued since
then.
|
